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Contributions to the taxonomy, biogeography, ecology and pathogens of parasites (Diptera, Acari) of Old World bats
Ševčík, Martin ; Benda, Petr (advisor) ; Stanko, Michal (referee) ; Bartonička, Tomáš (referee)
The dissertation thesis presents contributions solving several faunistic, biogeographical, taxonomic, and phylogenetic problems of selected groups of bat parasites together with surveys of potential pathogens in some representatives of these parasitic groups linked to the bats of the Old World. In the first part of the thesis, the taxonomy of prostigmata mites - chiggers (Trombiculidae) - coming from Eurasia and Africa is elaborated. Results of a detailed morphological and morphometric study are the descriptions of five new taxa belonging to four genera: Chiroptella, Grandjeana, Rudnicula, and Trombicula. At the same time, the results revise the differentiation within the group Trombicula sensu stricto, summarize the findings of species of individual genera and correct the inclusions of the originally described species within individual genera, with the final output of creating identification keys to the genera. The first sketch of the results of the study of the relations between chiggers and bats is included in this section, representing the description of the specific links among individual segments of both groups. In addition, there are studies presenting new findings and morphometric examinations of velvet mite nymphs collected from bats in Indonesia, as well as morphometric data and...
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Design and Operation of Water Disinfections Plants
Krupicová, Simona ; Rajnochová, Markéta (referee) ; Kučera, Tomáš (advisor)
In the first part of my bachelor thesis I deal with individual disinfectants used for hygienic supply of drinking water based on chlorine and without chlorine. Then I mention the operation without chlorine disinfectants. In the second part of this thesis I describe individual plants using various disinfection methods and at the end of the thesis I compare these methods and use it in practice.
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Analyses of inverted repeats in human patogen genomes
Hanzlíková, Anna ; Nováčková, Ivana (referee) ; Brázda, Václav (advisor)
Pathogens are organisms that cause various host diseases. These include prions, viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and animals. This bachelor thesis is focused specifically on viruses causing human diseases such as severe respiratory syndromes, liver diseases or cervical cancer. The aim of this bachelor thesis was to characterize the presence and location of inverted repeats in the genomes of organism using the web application Palindrome analyzer. Four viruses were selected, two of them are from the group of DNA viruses and two from the group of RNA viruses. In view of the outbreak of a pandemic in early 2020 caused by virus SARSCoV-2, is included in this bachelor thesis. Thus, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 were selected from RNA viruses and hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus were selected from the DNA viruses. The sequences of the viral genomes were obtained from the NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology) database. Then, all four viruses were analyzed for the presence of inverse repeats, their location and size using the Palindrome analyzer, which is available online. The largest genome was SARS-CoV-2 of 29 903 bp, which also had the most inverse repeats.
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Analyses of inverted repeats in human patogen genomes
Dobrovolná, Michaela ; Kouřilová, Xenie (referee) ; Brázda, Václav (advisor)
Helminth parasites are highly prevalent in humans in developing countries. According to WHO, approximately 2 billion people are infected worldwide. The etiological agents of parasitic infections are mainly Nematodes (roundworms) and Platyhelminths (flatworms), causing inflammatory responses, malnutrition, and anemia that are the primary cause of mortality. Drug resistance is accelerated by the overuse of human anthelmintics, as well as poor infection prevention and control. The therapeutic potential of small molecule ligands binding G-quadruplexes (G4s) has been demonstrated. For instance, that it can be used to stabilize the quadruplex structures and eliminate drug-resistant pathogens. G4s are secondary structures formed in guanine-rich nucleic acid sequences, which can regulate the process of gene expression, DNA damage repair, transcription, and translation of oncogenes. Here we used the G4Hunter Web Tool to identify and compare G-quadruplex sequences (PQS) in the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes of six Platyhelminth and four Nematode species to identify targets for G4 ligands to predict new drug targets and more effective drugs. We found that PQS are nonrandomly distributed in these genomes. Most of the G-quadruplexes are in the proximity of genes, suggesting their role in genetic regulation. Interestingly, less infective Platyhelminthes were found enriched with PQS, compared to highly infective species with a lower PQS frequency. In contrast, a Nematoda, Ascaris lumbricoides, was found to be highly enriched in stable PQS. This highly infective species can tolerate high-stability G4 structures, which are not counter-selected at all in contrast to Caenorhabditis elegans.
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Sledování výskytu patogenních mikroorganismů v potravinovém odpadu po přídavku různých aditiv
Tomková, Lenka
Food waste and food waste management is a global problem. It is necessary to reduce waste and, when food waste is generated, to choose environmentally friendly solutions for its disposal, such as composting. The composting process is a natural decomposition process whose final product is valuable compost that can be used as fertiliser. In this work, the effect of additives on the suppression of pathogenic microorganisms potentially present in food waste is investigated to make the food entering the composting process safe for health. Classical culture methods (selective media for bacterial strains Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, Helicobacter pylori and enterococci) were used for microbiological analyses and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and Sanger sequencing were performed for accurate identification of the grown colonies. The results showed that waste without the addition of additive contained more pathogenic microorganisms than waste with the addition of additive. Serratia spp. and the genus Pseudomonas were the most common in the samples. Tea tree oil appears to be the best additive, as it effectively suppressed the odour and also the waste with its addition did not contain significant pathogens such as Pseudomonas fluorescens compared to the control sample without its addition.
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Genetické možnosti šlechtění včely medonosné
Orlova, Sofiia
There was a significant decrease in bees worldwide in the early 21st century. This thesis focused on the study of genetic factors affecting the biodiversity of a population A. mellifera. A lot of genetic markers associated with key features of bees, such as hygiene behaviour and resistance to disease, can be used to select new lines with better characteristics and the potential to maintain and improve bee population. Exploitation of molecular genetic methods, such as SNP detection, has helped to identify genetic variants in some individuals and track their spread. In combination with traditional selection methods, for instance performance-based selection and phenotype analysis, molecular methods allow the selection of individuals with the best genetic characteristics and the improvement of the overall genetic quality of the bee population. Genetic diversity is a crucial factor for the health and survival of bee colonies, it is therefore important for beekeepers to use modern molecular genetic techniques to preserve the best bee qualities.
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Effect of drought on plant-soil interactions
Secká, Gabriela ; Münzbergová, Zuzana (advisor) ; Florianová, Anna (referee)
There are feedback processes happening between plants and the soil, called plant-soil feedback (PSF), during which the plants affect the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil and the soil in turn affects not only fitness of individual plant types, but also interspecific interactions. The influence of PSF can manifest either instantaneously or with a delay, and it has a lot of external factors affecting it. The aim of my work was literary research, which focuses on the effects of drought on PSF. Frequent and repeating droughts, which are one of the consequences of climate change, affect not only the processes happening in ecosystems, but also individual organisms present in them, including microorganisms living in the soil. Intense droughts mainly cause temperature increases, decreases in soil moisture and soil degradation. The consequences of the drought include lowering of the primary productivity of plants and changes in the composition of soil and plant ecosystems. These changes, which influence the PSF, manifest as either positive or negative feedback.
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Behavioural immune system in humans: perceptual and affective component
Slavíčková, Kateřina ; Schwambergová, Dagmar (advisor) ; Dlouhá, Daniela (referee)
This bachelor's thesis aims to summarize the available literature on the human behavioral immune system. In addition to the physical immune system, the behavioral immune system represents another defense mechanism against pathogens. It consists of a variety of psychological mechanisms that enable timely avoidance reactions to potentially risky stimuli, thereby reducing the energetic costs that would otherwise be expended in a metabolically demanding immune response. The thesis introduces the functioning of the behavioral immune system, starting with the detection of risk cues followed by an emotional response - disgust, which is considered a key mechanism leading to an avoidance reaction. Furthermore the Development of the feeling of disgust is described. The work also includes an outline of inter- individual differences in disgust.
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Alpha-gal - dvě strany jedné mince
ŠABATKOVÁ, Klára
Ticks are interesting ectoparasites for their ability to modulate the host's defense response. This ability of tick saliva is often exploited by pathogens to increase their transmission. Therefore many researchers focused on identification of molecules in tick saliva and their possible medical use. This thesis focuses on the high natural presence of anti-Gal antibodies in human serum and it's interaction with alpha-gal epitope that is expressed on the surface of some pathogens and mammalian cells. This epitope has been identified in tick saliva and some drugs as well.
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